*** IV. Work Disability ***
Table 22.Percent of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old with a Work Disability, by
Selected Characteristics: United States, 1988
** Highlights
Of persons age 16 to 64, 8.6 percent had a work disability, defined as a
health problem or disability which prevents persons from working or limits
the kind or amount of work they can do. Of this figure, over half (4.8
percent) had a severe work disability, defined as unable to work because of
the health problem or disability, or under 65 years of age and receiving
Medicare or Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Patterns between males and
females were similar across the age categories presented in the table.
The percentage of the population 16-64 with a work disability increased with
age. The 16-24 age group had the lowest percentage with a work disability,
at 3.8 percent. This percentage increased to 22.3 percent for those 55-64
years of age.
The percentage of the population with a work disability decreased with the
level of educational attainment, measured in years of school completed.
Persons with less than 8 years of schooling had a work disability rate of
29.7 percent, compared to only 3.8 percent for those with at least 16 years
of formal education. This education- based disparity increased for persons
with a severe work disability. Those with less than 8 years of school
completed had a severe work disability rate of 23.4 percent versus 1.3
percent for those with at least 16 years of formal education. This means
that virtually all of the work disability was severe among those with little
schooling, while most of the work disability among college graduates was not
severe.
The income to poverty ratio shows the extent of financial well-being, with a
figure "less than 1.00" indicating below poverty level status, and "2.00 and
over" representing family incomes at least twice the U.S. Census poverty
threshold. Percentages of the population with a work disability fall as the
income rises (e.g., as the income to poverty ratio increases). Almost 22
percent of the population below the poverty level had a work disability,
compared to only 5.6 percent for those in the highest income category.
Blacks have a much higher rate of work disability (13.7 percent) than either
whites (7.9 percent) or persons of Hispanic origin (8.2 percent) (the white -
Hispanic difference is not statistically significant).
** Explanatory Notes
These data come from the U.S. Census Bureau's March 1988 Current Population
Survey, covering the 50 states and the District of Columbia. As its primary
method for collecting this information, the CPS asks if persons have a health
problem or disability which prevents them from working or limits the kind or
amount of work they can do. This table measures work disability among the
total non-institutionalized population, including persons in and out of the
labor force.
While this was the most recent published source of work disability data it is
not the only one available. Depending on the particular survey involved,
work disability can vary from 8.5 percent (1980 U.S. Census) to 17.2 percent
(1966 and 1978 Social Security Administration Survey of Disability and Work);
however, the most authoritative source for the number of persons with a work
disability is Wave 3 of the Census Bureau's 1984 Survey of Income and Program
Participation, which places the figure with a work disability at 18.2 million
persons 16 to 64 years, including 8.0 million who were prevented from
working. See the introduction which precedes the tables for a detailed
discussion of work disability concepts.
Table 22. Percent of Persons 16 to 64 Years Old with a Work Disability,
by Selected Characteristics: United States, 1988
Both Sexes Males Females
Characteristics Total Severe Total Severe Total Severe
Total 8.6 4.8 8.7 4.9 8.4 4.6
Age
16 to 24 years 3.8 1.7 4.1 1.9 3.6 1.6
25 to 34 years 5.6 2.7 5.9 3.1 5.4 2.4
35 to 44 years 7.1 3.6 7.7 4.3 6.5 3.0
45 to 54 years 10.3 6.0 10.3 6.0 10.2 6.0
55 to 64 years 22.3 14.0 22.4 13.7 22.2 14.2
Years of School Completed (1)
Less than 8 years 29.7 23.4 29.1 23.2 30.2 23.7
8 24.6 16.8 23.9 15.8 25.2 17.8
9 to 11 17.7 11.6 17.5 11.7 17.9 11.4
12 8.8 4.5 9.3 5.1 8.4 4.1
13 to 15 7.5 3.2 8.4 3.4 6.7 3.0
16 or more 3.8 1.3 3.8 1.4 3.8 1.2
Income to Poverty Ratio
Less than 1.00 21.9 15.5 24.4 17.9 20.3 13.8
1.00 to 1.24 17.8 12.4 19.0 14.6 16.8 10.5
1.25 to 1.49 13.4 8.3 13.4 8.6 13.4 8.1
1.50 to 1.99 11.3 6.9 12.8 8.4 9.9 5.6
2.00 and over 5.6 2.4 5.8 2.4 5.3 2.3
Race and Hispanic Origin (2)
White 7.9 4.1 8.2 4.3 7.7 3.9
Black 13.7 9.9 13.7 10.3 13.8 9.5
Hispanic Origin 8.2 5.6 8.4 5.9 7.9 5.2
1 Universe is persons 25 to 64 years old.
2 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1988 Current Population Survey,
Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 160, Table E.
Table 23.Labor Force Status by Work Disability Status, Persons 16 to 64
Years: United States, 1988
** Highlights
As an initial consideration, work disability affects whether or not one
participates in the labor force at all. Of those with a work disability only
35.7 percent of males and 27.5 percent of females were even in the labor
force in 1988, compared to 88.9 and 69.5 percent, respectively, for those
without a work disability.
For those in the labor force, both males and females with a work disability
had an unemployment rate of 14.2 percent, compared to 6.2 and 5.2 percent,
respectively for those without a work disability. Concerning full-time
employment, only 23.4 percent of males and 13.1 percent of females with a
work disability were employed full time, compared to 74.8 percent for males
and 47.1 for females without a work disability.
Age was a significant factor in labor force participation. For males in the
25 to 34 age group, for example, only about half (49.5 percent) with a work
disability were in the labor force, compared to 96.2 percent for males with
no work disability. In the 55 to 64 age group, the difference rose to about
four times: 20.7 percent versus 80.5 percent, respectively, for males with
and without a work disability.
Females in the 25 to 34 age group with a work disability had a labor force
participation rate of 41.9, compared to 74.5 percent for those without a work
disability. In the 55 to 64 age group, the labor force participation rates
for women were 13.1 percent for those with a work disability and 51.1 percent
for those without a work disability.
Years of schooling also strongly affected participation in the work force,
relative to work disability. For males with less than a high school
education only 23.8 percent of those with a work disability were in the labor
force, compared to 50.3 percent for those with a work disability who had a
college degree.
For females without a high school diploma only 14.8 percent of those with a
work disability were in the labor force, compared to 46.5 percent of those
with a work disability who had a college degree.
** Explanatory Notes
These data come from the U.S. Census Bureau's March 1988 Current Population
Survey, covering the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The table
covers various labor force statuses according to work disability and
demographic characteristics of the population 16 to 64 years of age. The
labor force consists of persons who are employed or seeking employment, but
it excludes discouraged workers and others who are unemployed and not
actively looking for a job. Persons with a work disability include those who
are in and outside the labor force. See Table 22 for a discussion of
variations in work disability figures.
Table 23. Labor Force Status by Work Disability
Status, Persons 16 to 64 Years: United States, 1988
With a Work Disability With No Work Disability
Percent Percent
Characteristic In Labor Employed Unemployment In Labor Employed Unemployment
Force Full Time Rate Force Full Time Rate
Males
Total 35.7 23.4 14.2 88.9 74.8 6.2
Age
16 to 24 years 40.4 17.7 22.6 69.5 38.0 12.8
25 to 34 years 49.5 32.4 15.9 96.2 85.4 6.1
35 to 44 years 43.7 31.2 14.0 98.0 90.3 4.3
45 to 54 years 38.6 29.1 12.4 97.3 90.4 3.4
55 to 64 years 20.7 12.7 9.2 80.5 70.8 4.1
Years of School Completed (1)
Less than 12 23.8 14.1 18.5 91.0 75.5 9.3
12 38.2 26.3 14.8 94.8 85.7 5.8
13 to 15 49.1 37.6 8.6 95.2 87.5 3.7
16 or more 50.3 36.8 5.0 96.1 90.3 1.6
Race and Hispanic Origin (2)
White 38.9 26.2 12.9 89.9 76.7 5.3
Black 20.6 10.8 25.0 83.1 62.7 13.9
Hispanic 28.2 13.9 28.4 89.2 72.0 9.0
Females
Total 27.5 13.1 14.2 69.5 47.1 5.2
Age
16 to 24 years 43.9 17.3 28.0 62.4 29.1 10.6
25 to 34 years 41.9 22.3 13.9 74.5 54.9 5.1
35 to 44 years 40.9 21.3 14.7 77.6 56.3 3.9
45 to 54 years 22.9 11.3 13.0 73.3 54.4 2.6
55 to 64 years 13.1 5.0 3.9 51.1 35.6 2.3
Years of School Completed (1)
Less than 12 14.8 5.5 16.5 54.1 35.7 7.9
12 29.5 14.8 12.6 70.3 50.3 4.3
13 to 15 38.5 22.1 8.2 77.3 56.4 3.2
16 or more 46.5 25.1 6.4 82.2 65.0 1.8
Race and Hispanic Origin (2)
White 28.9 14.3 11.4 69.5 46.8 4.3
Black 22.7 8.2 27.4 70.9 50.0 11.9
Hispanic 17.8 9.7 17.7 59.1 40.1 6.8
1 Universe is persons 25 to 64 years old.
2 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1988 Current Population Survey,
Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 160, Table F.
Table 24.Mean Earnings of Workers 16 to 64 Years Old, by Work Disability
Status: United States, 1987
** Highlights:
Work disability and earnings are inversely correlated, but the patterns vary
depending on if one works year-round, full-time. For males who had worked at
all in 1987, mean earnings for those with a work disability were only 64.3
percent of those without a work disability ($15,497 versus $24,095).
However, this disparity is in part a function of reduced rates of full-time
employment for those with a work disability, as shown in Table 23. The
difference for those who had worked year-round, full-time was not so great as
for all types of employment, and in this case males with a work disability
earned 80.0 percent of their counterparts without a work disability ($24,000
verses $29,994).
Among females who had worked at all in 1987, including part-time employees,
mean earnings for those with a work disability were 62.1 percent of those
without a work disability ($8,075 versus $13,000). As with males, however,
the mean earnings disparity for year-round, full-time female workers was not
so great, and those with a work disability earned 83.6 percent as much as
their counterparts without a work disability ($15,796 versus $18,894).
Education, at least for males, is directly related to the earnings
disadvantage, that is, as education rises, the earnings differences increase
between those with and without a work disability. For example, among males,
little difference exists between earnings for high school graduates ($23,773
with a work disability versus $26,270 without one, or a ratio of .90). Among
college graduates, however, those with a work disability earn only 79 percent
as much as their counterparts without a work disability ($33,901 versus
$43,124). According to the Census Bureau, this shows that males with a work
disability face a dual burden of relatively low levels of education and fewer
advancements when they do receive additional schooling than their
counterparts without a work disability. The comparable figures for females
(specifically, college graduates with a work disability) were too small to
satisfy statistical tests of significance.
For males, the negative effects of work disability on earnings increased with
age. For example, the earnings disparity between those with and without a
work disability, in the 45 to 64 age group, was over $10,000 for persons
working year round, full time, compared to less than $3,500 for those in the
25 to 34 age group. This relationship may be a function of educational
attainment, which enhances earnings and decreases with age.
** Explanatory Notes
These data come from the U.S. Census Bureau's March 1988 Current Population
Survey, covering the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For a
description of this and other surveys on work disability, see the explanatory
notes in Table 22.
This table shows only individual earnings, as opposed to family income, and
does not include dollar amounts from other family members and sources.
Table 24. Mean Earnings of Workers 16 to 64 Years Old,
by Work Disability Status: United States, 1987
Worked Year-Round
Worked in 1987 Full-Time in 1987
With a With No With a With No
Work Work Work Work
Characteristics Disability Disability Disability Disability
Males
Total $15,497 $24,095 $24,000 $29,994
Age
16 to 24 years 6,463 7,851 (B) 14,985
25 to 34 years 14,102 22,362 22,249 25,637
35 to 44 years 18,388 31,082 27,524 34,223
45 to 54 years 20,385 33,775 26,618 36,681
55 to 64 years 15,187 28,899 22,601 33,116
Years of School Completed (1)
Less than 12 11,012 17,705 17,224 21,041
12 16,480 23,573 23,773 26,270
13 to 15 18,776 27,903 28,200 30,722
16 or more 26,241 39,983 33,901 43,124
Race and Hispanic Origin (2)
White 15,869 24,943 24,454 30,773
Black 11,876 16,195 20,790 21,361
Hispanic Origin 12,213 16,804 (B) 21,177
Females
Total 8,075 13,000 15,796 18,894
Age
16 to 24 years 4,910 6,403 (B) 13,078
25 to 34 years 8,612 14,151 15,840 18,819
35 to 44 years 9,306 15,857 15,809 20,834
45 to 54 years 8,502 15,406 16,380 20,022
55 to 64 years 7,747 13,372 17,078 18,547
Years of School Completed (1)
Less than 12 4,840 8,947 10,150 12,883
12 7,863 12,563 14,955 16,863
13 to 15 10,398 15,552 17,223 20,313
16 or more 15,632 21,480 24,591 26,592
Race and Hispanic Origin (2)
White 8,340 13,027 16,202 19,068
Black 6,432 12,367 12,620 17,191
Hispanic Origin 7,559 11,062 (B) 16,213
(B) Base less than 75,000.
1 Universe is persons 25 to 64 years old.
2 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1988 Current Population Survey,
Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 160, Table G.
Table 25. Occupation and Industry in 1987--Employed Persons 16 to 64 Years
Old, by Work Disability Status, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex: United
States, 1988
** Highlights:
Work disability has a strong influence on the types of occupations which
persons are able to pursue. Among males and females without a work
disability, 26.3 and 25.6 percent, respectively, were employed in managerial
and professional activity. This compares to only 18.2 percent for males and
16.0 percent for females with a work disability who were employed in this
occupational category.
Conversely, both men and women with a work disability were more likely to be
employed in service occupations (12.5 and 27.3 percent, respectively) than
their counterparts without a work disability (9.2 and 17.0 percent,
respectively). This pattern also held for operators, fabricators, and
laborers which had a greater representation among those with a work
disability (27.4 and 13.3 percent, respectively, for males and females) than
among those without one (20.9 and 8.7 percent, respectively).
This pattern differed somewhat for black males, where the rates in the
managerial and professional ranks were lower and varied less, regardless of
work disability, than for white males. While the rates for white males in
this occupational category were 18.6 versus 27.4 percent for those with and
without a work disability, the corresponding figures for black males was 10.7
versus 13.7 percent. For black females, however, work disability was
associated with a large drop in the rate of managerial and professional
occupations (7.5 to 18.4 percent, respectively, for those with and without a
work disability). Males of Hispanic origin exhibited a similar pattern to
black females, where work disability was associated with a near 50 percent
drop in employment in managerial and professional occupations, from 13.0
percent for those with no work disability to 6.9 percent for persons with a
work disability.
Concerning industries, males with a work disability had the highest rates of
employment in services (25.7 percent), manufacturing (21.0 percent) and
construction (12.6 percent). For females with a work disability the most
frequently occurring were services (47.3 percent), retail trade (19.3
percent), and manufacturing (12.2 percent). The corresponding industry
figures for those without a work disability were, for males, manufacturing
(23.5 percent), services (22.4 percent), and retail trade (14.7 percent).
For females without a work disability the figures were services (43.7
percent), retail trade (18.9 percent), and manufacturing (13.7 percent).
Black persons and those of Hispanic origin showed a greater change in the
industry of employment than their white counterparts, relative to work
disability. For example, among white males, work disability was associated
with only a small increase in service industry employment, from 21.9 to 24.3
percent. For white females the corresponding increase was from 43.3 to 44.9
percent. However, the increase was from 25.5 to 38.5 percent among black
males and from 48.3 to 61.8 percent for black females. For females of
Hispanic origin, the corresponding increase in service industry employment
was from 40.9 percent for those without a work disability to 50.1 percent for
those with one.
** Explanatory Notes
These data come from the U.S. Census Bureau's March 1988 Current Population
Survey, covering the 50 states and the District of Columbia. For a
description of this and other surveys on work disability, see the explanatory
notes in Table 22. The first page of this table shows persons with a work
disability; the second page shows persons without one.
Table 25. Occupation and Industry in 1987
Employed Persons 16 to 64 Years Old, by Work Disability Status,
Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex: United States, 1988
With a Work Disability
Occupation, industry,
class of worker, and All Races White Black Hispanic
pension and health Origin (1)
plan coverage Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Number Employed (in thousands)
2,052 1,582 1,826 1,318 176 226 106 72
Occupation Group (percent distribution)
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Managerial and professional specialty
18.2 16.0 18.6 17.7 10.7 7.5 6.9 13.3
Executive, administrative, and managerial
10.2 6.0 10.7 6.7 5.4 3.3 5.9 4.6
Professional specialty
7.9 9.9 7.8 11.0 5.2 4.2 1.0 8.7
Technical, sales, and administrative support
17.5 39.5 18.6 41.2 7.7 28.3 21.1 28.5
Technicians and related support
2.9 2.4 3.1 2.5 1.7 2.2 7.4 --
Sales
9.4 12.4 10.1 13.5 3.1 7.1 5.1 1.5
Administrative support, including clerical
5.2 24.6 5.2 25.0 2.9 19.0 8.6 26.9
Service
12.5 27.3 10.4 23.7 31.8 47.7 15.5 31.8
Private household
-- 3.1 -- 2.0 -- 10.1 -- 1.2
Protective service
2.7 .8 2.6 .4 4.0 2.9 6.3 --
Service, except protective and household
9.8 23.3 7.7 21.1 27.8 34.6 9.2 30.5
Farm, forestry, and fishing
4.6 1.4 4.4 1.5 7.7 .8 10.4 2.9
Farm operators and managers
2.0 .2 2.1 .3 1.9 -- .9 --
Farm workers and related occupations
2.2 1.1 2.1 1.1 3.6 .8 9.5 2.9
Forestry and fishing
.3 -- .2 -- 2.1 -- -- --
Precision, production, craft, and repair
19.6 2.2 20.8 2.4 10.5 .5 13.9 4.6
Mechanics and repairers
5.9 .2 6.3 .3 2.6 -- 6.0 --
Construction trades
9.2 .3 9.6 .3 6.1 -- 6.0 --
Precision production
4.1 1.6 4.4 1.7 1.7 .5 1.8 4.6
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
27.4 13.3 27.0 13.2 31.3 14.9 31.7 18.6
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors
10.4 10.7 9.8 10.7 17.3 10.7 15.7 15.4
Transportation and material moving
8.6 .7 9.0 .7 5.2 1.0 9.7 3.1
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers
8.3 1.8 8.1 1.7 8.7 3.0 6.2 --
Industry Group (percent distribution)
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Agriculture 3.9 1.9 3.9 2.1 4.9 .8 10.9 3.5
Forestry and fishing .2 .1 -- .2 2.1 -- -- --
Mining 1.1 -- 1.1 -- 1.0 -- 2.3 --
Construction 12.6 1.1 13.4 1.3 7.4 -- 7.8 1.4
Manufacturing 21.0 12.2 21.6 13.5 14.4 5.1 25.4 19.7
Nondurable 7.2 4.9 7.5 5.5 4.4 2.3 10.8 11.5
Durable 13.7 7.2 14.1 7.9 10.0 2.8 14.6 8.2
Transportation, 9.2 3.8 9.2 3.8 9.9 4.4 3.1 1.4
communication, and
other public utilities
Wholesale trade 5.2 1.8 5.8 1.6 .6 3.0 3.0 3.1
Retail trade 11.4 19.3 11.5 21.6 6.8 8.7 8.8 7.5
Finance, insurance, 4.5 7.2 4.3 6.8 6.7 6.9 3.7 9.1
and real estate
Services 25.7 47.3 24.3 44.9 38.5 61.8 27.5 50.1
Business services 4.6 6.5 4.5 6.0 4.8 9.9 10.7 3.4
Repair services 3.1 .4 3.3 .5 1.1 -- 3.9 2.9
Personal services 3.3 10.8 2.7 9.1 8.8 20.0 1.9 14.9
Entertainment and 1.4 1.0 1.3 .8 1.2 2.6 1.7 --
recreational services
Professional and related 13.2 28.3 12.2 28.2 22.4 29.2 9.0 28.8
services
Public administration 4.7 4.8 4.4 3.8 7.0 8.8 7.0 4.1
1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey,
Current Population Reports, Series P-23, Number 160. Table 6.
Table 25. (Continued) Occupation and Industry in 1987
Employed Persons 16 to 64 Years Old, by Work Disability Status,
Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex: United States, 1988
With no Work Disability
Occupation, industry,
class of worker, and All Races White Black Hispanic
pension and health Origin (1)
plan coverage Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Number Employed (in thousands)
57,584 48,141 50,773 41,288 5,065 5,349 4,556 3,121
Occupation Group (percent distribution)
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Managerial and professional specialty
26.3 25.6 27.4 26.5 13.7 18.4 13.0 15.8
Executive, administrative, and managerial
13.8 10.7 14.5 11.2 7.1 6.8 6.9 7.4
Professional specialty
12.4 14.9 12.8 15.3 6.5 11.5 6.0 8.3
Technical, sales, and administrative support
19.9 45.3 20.0 46.3 16.6 38.9 15.2 41.4
Technicians and related support
3.0 3.3 3.0 3.2 2.0 3.7 1.8 1.5
Sales
11.1 12.8 11.8 13.4 4.9 8.7 7.1 12.8
Administrative support, including clerical
5.6 29.1 5.1 29.6 9.6 26.4 6.2 27.0
Service
9.2 17.0 8.1 15.9 18.1 26.7 14.7 21.2
Private household
-- 1.4 -- 1.3 .1 2.3 -- 3.9
Protective service
2.5 .4 2.3 .4 4.5 .8 1.8 .3
Service, except protective and household
6.6 15.1 5.7 14.1 13.4 23.5 12.8 16.9
Farm, forestry, and fishing
3.7 .8 3.9 .9 2.2 .2 8.0 1.4
Farm operators and managers
1.4 .2 1.6 .3 .1 -- .2 --
Farm workers and related occupations
2.0 .5 2.0 .6 1.9 .2 7.7 1.3
Forestry and fishing
.2 -- .2 -- .1 -- .1 --
Precision, production, craft, and repair
19.8 2.2 20.5 2.1 15.1 2.3 20.7 3.4
Mechanics and repairers
7.2 .3 7.5 .3 4.8 .4 6.5 .4
Construction trades
7.4 .1 7.7 .2 5.9 -- 7.9 .1
Precision production
4.9 1.7 5.0 1.6 4.2 1.8 6.0 2.8
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
20.9 8.7 19.8 7.9 34.0 13.3 28.1 16.5
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors
7.7 6.4 7.4 5.7 10.4 10.6 12.8 13.5
Transportation and material moving
6.8 .8 6.4 .8 11.4 1.0 6.1 .6
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers
6.3 1.4 5.8 1.4 12.1 1.5 9.1 2.3
Industry Group (percent distribution)
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Agriculture 3.3 1.1 3.6 1.3 1.5 .2 6.8 1.6
Forestry and fishing .1 -- .1 -- -- -- -- --
Mining .9 .3 1.0 .3 .2 -- .7 --
Construction 10.2 1.1 10.6 1.2 7.9 .3 10.9 .7
Manufacturing 23.5 13.7 23.6 13.4 23.2 15.3 24.0 18.6
Nondurable 8.4 6.9 8.3 6.6 9.8 9.4 9.6 10.4
Durable 15.1 6.8 15.2 6.7 13.4 5.9 14.4 8.2
Transportation, 9.3 4.2 9.1 3.9 12.9 6.8 7.3 4.1
communication, and
other public utilities
Wholesale trade 5.3 2.4 5.5 2.5 3.6 1.4 4.7 2.1
Retail trade 14.7 18.9 14.6 19.5 13.7 12.9 16.3 18.6
Finance, insurance, 4.7 9.5 4.8 9.8 3.9 7.2 4.1 8.6
and real estate
Services 22.4 43.7 21.9 43.3 25.5 48.3 21.2 40.9
Business services 4.0 4.5 3.9 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.3 5.4
Repair services 2.6 .6 2.7 .6 1.7 -- 3.7 .8
Personal services 1.8 5.9 1.5 5.7 3.3 8.2 2.9 10.2
Entertainment and 1.3 .9 1.3 1.0 1.3 .6 1.4 .8
recreational services
Professional and related 12.6 31.5 12.3 31.2 14.2 34.4 8.8 23.6
services
Public administration 5.0 4.5 4.7 4.1 7.0 7.1 3.4 4.2
1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey,
Current Population Reports, Series P-23, Number 160. Table 6.
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