*** V. Prevalence of Disability in Institutions ***
Table 26. Number of Nursing Home Residents by Selected Functional Statuses,
Age, Sex, and Race: United States, 1985
** Highlights:
There were 1,491,400 nursing home residents in 1985, 88.4 percent or 1.3
million of whom were 65 years of age or over, and 40 percent were 85 or over.
Of the total for all ages, 28.4 percent were male and 71.6 percent female.
Many of the residents of nursing homes required assistance with activities of
daily living (ADLs) or could not perform an ADL at all. The table lists many
functional dimensions, six of which are ADLs: bathing (88.7 percent required
assistance), dressing (75.4 percent), eating (39.3 percent), transferring
(into or out of a bed or chair) (59.9 percent), using toilet room (60.9
percent, including persons requiring assistance at 48.9 percent, and persons
who do not use toilet room at 12.0 percent), and continence (51.9 percent
were incontinent - bowels, bladder, or both).
In terms of the number of ADL dependencies, 28.9 percent required assistance
with all six, and 9.8 percent needed no help in this regard.
The level of ADL dependency among nursing home residents increased with age.
The resident population under the age of 65 had an average of 2.8
dependencies per person. The 65-74 age group had an average of 3.4, while
there were 3.8 dependencies in the 75-84 age bracket, and those 85 and over
had an average of 4.1 dependencies.
Nearly 85 percent of the nursing home residents received help with
instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), which involve more complex
functions than ADLs and include care of personal possessions (73.5 percent
received help), handling money (75.3 percent), securing personal items (76.3
percent), and using the telephone (62.7 percent).
IADL dependency also increased with age. Of those under 65 years of age,
75.1 percent had IADL dependencies. This increased to 89.0 percent for the
residents 85 years of age or over.
Among all residents, 63.5 percent used eyeglasses or contact lenses, and 6.5
percent used a hearing aid.
Of the total, 22.7 percent had a vision impairment, 20.7 had a hearing
impairment, and 70.7 percent required assistance in mobility.
** Explanatory Notes
Data for this table come from the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey,
conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The study included
all types of nursing and related care homes with three or more beds set up
and staffed for use by residents and routinely providing nursing and personal
care services. The facilities included were either freestanding
establishments or nursing care units of hospitals, retirement centers or
similar institutions maintaining financial and employee records separate from
those larger facilities. Institutions operated solely as mental health or
mental retardation facilities are excluded, as were either board and care
homes or residential care facilities. Facilities in Alaska and Hawaii were
not included in the survey.
As with other studies which measure ADL and IADL dependency, the prevalence
figures are affected by the number and specific types of activities a survey
includes. Studies with relatively long lists of activities produce
relatively high prevalence estimates of persons with a dependency with one or
more activities (or the average number of dependencies per person). See
Table 6 and the introduction for cross-study issues regarding Activities of
Daily Living.
Table 26A. Number of Nursing Home Residents by Selected Functional
Statuses and Age: United States, 1985
********************* Age *******************
******** 65 Years and Over ********
All Under 65-74 75-84 85 Years
Functional Status Residents 65 Years Total Years Years and Over
Total 1,491,400 173,100 1,318,300 212,100 509,000 597,300
Aids Used (1)
Eyeglasses or contacts 947,400 70,400 877,100 112,200 335,700 429,200
Hearing Aid 96,800 * 95,100 5,800 24,600 64,700
Vision (2)
Not impaired 1,132,600 153,300 979,400 176,700 396,100 406,600
Partially impaired (3) 217,800 10,200 207,600 21,200 72,200 114,200
Severely impaired 83,300 * 80,100 9,100 20,800 50,200
Completely lost 37,100 * 32,800 * 10,700 19,300
Unknown 20,500 * 18,400 * 9,300 7,000
Hearing (1)
Not impaired 1,171,200 166,400 1,004,800 191,600 420,600 392,600
Partially impaired (3) 248,700 * 243,300 15,800 75,100 152,400
Severely impaired 51,000 * 50,800 * 7,700 40,700
Completely lost 8,800 * 8,500 * * *
Unknown 11,800 * 10,900 * * 6,700
Bathing
Independent 168,200 50,100 118,100 32,300 49,200 36,600
Requires assistance 1,323,200 123,000 1,200,200 179,700 459,800 560,700
Dressing
Independent (4) 366,900 71,200 295,700 63,300 122,800 109,500
Requires assistance; 1,124,600 101,900 1,022,700 148,800 386,200 487,700
includes those who do not dress
Eating
Independent (4) 905,200 118,600 786,500 141,200 310,000 335,300
Requires assistance; 586,300 54,500 531,800 70,900 199,000 261,900
includes those who are tube or intravenously fed
Mobility
Walks independently (4) 436,900 88,400 348,500 84,000 154,800 109,700
Walks with assistance 369,500 23,300 346,200 43,200 126,000 176,900
Chairfast 588,800 50,700 538,100 71,500 196,900 269,700
Bedfast 96,300 10,700 85,600 13,300 31,300 41,000
Transferring (5)
Independent 598,000 104,600 493,400 101,600 204,900 186,900
Requires assistance 893,400 68,500 824,900 110,400 304,100 410,400
Using Toilet Room
Independent (4) 583,900 98,800 485,000 92,100 201,800 191,100
Requires assistance 728,700 54,500 674,200 97,200 243,100 333,900
Does not use toilet 178,900 19,800 159,100 22,800 64,000 72,200
Continence
No difficulty 717,000 117,200 599,800 121,000 228,800 250,000
controlling bowels or bladder (4)
Difficulty controlling 28,800 * 26,200 * 8,900 13,100
bowels
Difficulty controlling 153,000 11,200 141,900 14,300 55,800 71,700
bladder
Difficulty controlling 472,400 29,100 443,300 58,400 171,000 213,900
both bowels and bladder
Ostomy in either 120,100 13,000 107,100 14,100 44,500 48,500
bowels or bladder
Number of dependencies in activities of daily living6
None 146,200 45,800 100,400 28,000 43,800 28,500
1 166,700 20,300 146,500 29,700 59,300 57,500
2 151,800 21,700 130,100 23,700 49,000 57,500
3 115,300 12,500 102,800 15,400 44,400 43,100
4 195,600 18,300 177,300 29,300 65,200 82,800
5 284,200 23,600 260,600 35,200 99,000 126,400
6 431,700 31,000 400,700 50,700 148,400 201,500
Average number of dependencies
3.8 2.8 3.9 3.4 3.8 4.1
Receives help in instrumental activities of daily living (4)
Does not receive 227,300 43,200 184,100 39,500 79,200 65,400
help (4)
Receives help 1,264,200 129,900 1,134,300 172,600 429,900 531,800
Care of personal 1,095,800 104,600 991,300 148,300 377,100 465,900
possessions
Handling money 1,123,700 115,100 1,008,600 149,800 382,300 476,500
Securing personal 1,137,400 108,000 1,029,400 152,800 386,600 490,000
items such as newspapers, toilet articles, snack food
Using the telephone 935,700 83,000 852,700 124,700 325,800 402,200
1 Figures do not add to totals because resident may not have used
glasses, contacts, or hearing aid.
2 Status at best correction, that is, with corrective lenses or
hearing aid, if applicable.
3 Includes a small number of residents who were impaired but whose
level of impairment is unknown.
4 Includes a small number of unknowns.
5 Transferring refers to getting in or out of a bed or chair.
6 Activities of daily living include bathing, dressing, eating,
transferring, using toilet room, and continence. Unknowns were
considered not dependent.
* Figure has low statistical reliability or precision (relative
standard error exceeds 30 percent).
Note: Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 1985 National
Nursing Home Survey, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 13, No. 97,
Table 27.
Table 26B. Number of Nursing Home Residents by Selected Functional
Statuses, Sex, and Race: United States, 1985
******* Sex ****** ********** Race **********
Black and Other
Functional Status Male Female White Total Black
Total 423,800 1,067,700 1,374,600 116,800 104,400
Aids Used (1) 223,400 724,100 903,400 44,100 38,700
Eyeglasses or contacts 24,700 72,100 93,300 * *
Hearing Aid
Vision (2)
Not impaired 334,700 797,900 1,044,400 88,300 77,900
Partially impaired (3) 54,900 162,900 200,100 17,700 16,400
Severely impaired 18,400 65,000 79,100 * *
Completely lost 10,300 26,900 31,100 6,100 *
Unknown * 15,000 20,000 * *
Hearing (1)
Not impaired 337,300 833,300 1,074,700 96,500 86,300
Partially impaired (3) 68,100 180,600 232,000 16,700 14,700
Severely impaired 12,700 38,300 48,900 * *
Completely lost * 6,300 8,100 * *
Unknown * 8,600 10,900 * *
Bathing
Independent 74,800 93,400 157,300 10,900 9,100
Requires assistance 349,000 974,300 1,217,300 105,900 95,300
Dressing
Independent (4) 136,400 230,500 343,500 23,400 19,900
Requires assistance; 287,300 837,200 1,031,200 93,400 84,400
includes those who do not dress
Eating
Independent (4) 281,800 623,400 839,000 66,100 57,400
Requires assistance; 142,000 444,300 535,600 50,700 47,000
includes those who are tube or intravenously fed
Mobility
Walks independently (4) 159,200 277,700 407,700 29,200 24,300
Walks with assistance 92,500 276,900 344,700 24,700 22,900
Chairfast 152,000 436,800 532,200 56,700 51,600
Bedfast 20,000 76,300 90,100 6,200 *
Transferring (5)
Independent 205,900 392,100 555,800 42,200 36,000
Requires assistance 217,800 675,600 818,900 74,600 68,300
Using Toilet Room
Independent (4) 202,300 381,500 540,900 43,000 37,200
Requires assistance 181,800 546,900 673,300 55,400 51,300
Does not use toilet 39,600 139,300 160,400 18,500 15,900
Continence
No difficulty 224,000 493,000 661,700 55,300 47,700
controlling bowels or bladder (4) *
Difficulty controlling 9,500 19,300 27,700 *
bowels
Difficulty controlling 39,400 113,700 144,400 8,600 7,600
bladder
Difficulty controlling 116,300 356,100 432,900 39,500 36,500
both bowels and bladder
Ostomy in either 34,500 85,700 107,900 12,300 11,500
bowels or bladder
Number of dependencies in activities of daily living (6)
None 67,800 78,300 136,400 9,800 7,900
1 52,000 114,700 157,700 9,000 7,600
2 44,300 107,500 141,000 10,800 9,500
3 35,100 80,200 102,600 12,700 11,300
4 51,400 144,200 178,200 17,400 15,000
5 72,700 211,500 262,700 21,500 19,600
6 100,300 331,300 396,000 35,700 33,400
Average number of dependencies
3.3 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.0
Receival activities of daily living (4)
Does not receive 86,300 140,900 212,200 15,000 12,900
help (4)
Receives help 337,400 926,800 1,162,400 101,800 91,400
Care of personal 283,000 812,800 1,004,700 91,100 82,200
possessions
Handling money 296,800 826,900 1,036,200 87,600 77,400
Securing personal 295,500 841,900 1,045,700 91,600 82,900
items such as toilet articles, snack food
Using the telephone 244,300 691,400 853,800 81,900 74,800
1 Figures do not add to totals because resident may not have used
glasses, contacts, or hearing aid.
2 Status at best correction, that is, with corrective lenses or
hearing aid, if applicable.
3 Includes a small number of residents who were impaired but whose
level of impairment is unknown.
4 Includes a small number of unknowns.
5 Transferring refers to getting in or out of a bed or chair.
6 Activities of daily living include bathing, dressing, eating,
transferring, using toilet room, and continence. Unknowns were
considered not dependent.
* Figure has low statistical reliability or precision (relative
standard error exceeds 30 percent).
Note: Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 1985 National
Nursing Home Survey, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 13, No. 97,
Table 27.
Table 27.Residents of Nursing Homes by Age, Sex, and Diagnoses of Selected
Impairments and Chronic Conditions at Time of Survey: 1985
** Highlights
At the time of the survey, the 1,491,400 nursing home residents were
diagnosed with 4,971,700 conditions, an average of 3.33 conditions per
resident. Those residents below 65 were diagnosed with the fewest conditions
per person at 2.75, while residents 85 and older had an average of 3.51
diagnosed conditions. Women had a higher average number of conditions per
person (3.4) than men (3.2).
The most frequently diagnosed conditions were circulatory at 1,520,800 (30.6
percent of all diagnoses), mental disorders at 690,110 (13.9 percent),
nervous system and sense organ diseases at 509,400 (10.2 percent),
musculoskeletal system and connective tissue disease at 429,300 (8.6
percent), and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic and immunity disorders at
293,300 (5.9 percent). Within these five categories, the most prevalent
diagnoses were heart disease, senile dementia or organic brain syndrome,
cerebrovascular disease, arthritis or rheumatism, essential hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, and psychoses other than senile dementia.
Residents below age 65 were most frequently found to have mental disorders
followed by nervous system and sense organ diseases, and symptoms, signs and
ill defined conditions. Residents 65 years of age and over were diagnosed
most frequently with circulatory system diseases, mental disorders, diseases
of the nervous system and sense organs, and musculoskeletal system and
connective tissue disease.
Men were more likely than women to have malignant neoplasms (cancer), mental
retardation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Women were more
likely than men to have senile dementia or organic brain syndrome, essential
hypertension, heart disease, arthritis or rheumatism, senility without
psychosis, osteoporosis, and hip and other fractures.
** Explanatory Notes
Data for this table come from the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey conducted
by the National Center for Health Statistics. For a description of this
sample survey, see Table 26.
The figures in the table are counts of conditions, not persons, and one
individual may be counted more than once for a particular condition category,
such as heart disease, and may have more than one condition.
Table 27. Residents of Nursing Homes by Age and Sex and All-Listed
Diagnoses of Selected Impairments and Chronic Conditions
at Time of Survey: 1985
************ Age (years) *************
***** Sex ***** Under Total
Total Male Female 65 65 + 65-74 75-84 85 +
Selected Impairments and Chronic Conditions
Number of Conditions (thousands)
All Diagnoses
4,971.7 1,368.3 3,603.5 476.3 4,495.5 703.3 1,696.3 2,095.9
Chapter 2. Neoplasms
96.9 34.8 62.1 7.1 89.8 14.5 36.6 38.8
Malignant Neoplasms
82.6 31.9 50.6 5.9 76.7 12.9 31.4 32.3
Chapter 3. Endocrine, Nutritional, & Metabolic Diseases and Immunity Disorders
293.3 76.5 216.8 30.3 263.0 54.0 119.3 89.7
Diabetes Mellitus
186.2 50.6 135.6 20.5 165.7 35.1 74.6 56.0
Chapter 4. Diseases of the Blood and Blood-Forming Organs
75.3 21.4 54.0 4.2* 71.2 10.1 23.2 37.8
Anemias
70.6 20.2 50.4 4.2* 66.4 8.7 21.4 36.4
Chapter 5. Mental Disorders
690.1 209.0 481.1 124.3 565.7 114.2 228.4 223.2
Senile Dementiaor Organic Brain Syndrome
357.9 85.5 272.4 16.8 341.1 39.9 135.5 165.7
Psychoses Other than Senile Dementia
170.4 57.9 112.5 51.5 118.8 39.2 44.8 34.9
Neurotic and Personality Disorders
36.1 12.5 23.6 10.7 25.3 5.4* 11.8 8.1
Mental Retardation
50.6 22.6 27.9 29.9 20.7 12.3 7.2 1.1*
Other Mental Disorders
75.2 30.6 44.6 15.4 59.8 17.4 29.1 13.3
Chapter 6. Diseases of the Nervous System and Sense Organs
509.4 165.0 344.4 80.7 428.6 83.9 165.6 179.1
Alzheimer's Disease & Other Specified & Unspecified Degeneration of the Brain
73.9 20.3 53.6 3.2 70.7 16.0 32.0 22.7
Parkinson's Disease
70.9 24.4 46.5 4.2 66.8 12.1 32.6 22.1
Glaucoma
35.8 7.4 28.5 1.1 34.7 4.2* 10.2 20.3
Cataract
45.9 13.1 32.8 1.8 44.1 4.0* 12.1 28.0
Chapter 7. Diseases of the Circulatory System
1,520.8 375.7 1,145.0 72.8 1,448.0 187.3 519.0 741.7
Essential Hypertension
233.6 51.6 182.0 21.5 212.0 31.1 85.4 95.4
Heart Disease
814.4 197.5 616.9 29.0 785.4 84.1 267.3 434.0
Ischemic Heart Disease
395.6 97.1 298.5 14.2 381.4 44.1 130.2 207.1
Congestive Heart Failure
159.4 29.9 129.4 5.1* 154.3 14.5 55.8 84.0
Other Heart Disease
259.4 70.4 189.0 9.7 249.7 25.6 81.3 142.9
Cerebrovascular Disease
291.8 79.9 211.9 17.8 274.0 47.7 111.2 115.2
Atherosclerosis
111.4 26.5 84.9 1.8* 109.6 13.0 32.5 64.2
Chapter 8. Disease of the Respiratory System
153.4 63.3 90.2 11.7 141.7 29.4 59.7 52.6
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Allied Conditions
111.1 47.7 63.4 8.0 103.1 24.4 43.9 34.8
Chapter 9. Diseases of the Digestive System
201.4 57.6 143.9 15.0 186.5 22.4 69.3 94.7
Ulcer of Stomach, Duodenum, Peptic Ulcer,or Unspecified Site
24.3 7.6 16.8 1.5* 22.9 3.0* 9.1 10.8
Chapter 10. Diseases of the Genitourinary System
133.0 46.0 87.0 11.0 122.0 19.9 46.4 55.7
Urinary Tract Infection
58.0 14.0 44.0 3.3* 54.6 6.9 22.2 25.5
Chapter 12. Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
53.7 18.0 35.7 6.1 47.6 10.1 17.5 19.9
Chapter 13. Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue
429.3 78.3 351.0 19.0 410.3 46.4 141.5 222.4
Arthritis or Rheumatism
271.5 40.4 231.1 6.5 265.0 25.7 88.0 151.3
Osteoporosis
49.1 3.7* 45.3 1.0* 48.0 3.2* 16.4 28.5
Chapter 16. Symptoms, Signs, and Ill-defined
267.5 73.2 194.2 35.8 231.7 41.9 88.4 101.4
Conditions
57.4 6.4 51.0 1.7* 55.7 3.8* 16.2 35.7
Senility Without Psychoses
100.7 20.7 80.0 10.9 89.8 7.1 28.3 54.4
Chapter 17. Injury and Poisoning
39.1 5.9 33.2 1.6* 37.5 2.0* 11.1 24.4
Fracture of Neck of Femur
35.6 4.2 31.3 2.1* 33.5 3.1* 9.9 20.4
Other Fractures
377.5 110.2 267.4 31.7 345.8 49.7 131.9 164.2
Supplementary Classifications
Persons with Potential Health Hazards Related to Personal and Family History
230.8 59.0 171.8 17.1 213.8 28.1 81.8 103.9
Persons with a Condition Influencing Their Health Status
132.6 45.1 87.5 13.4 119.2 20.1 44.7 54.5
Mean Conditions Per Person
3.33 3.23 3.38 2.75 3.41 3.32 3.33 3.51
* Relative standard error is equal to or greater than 30 percent of the
estimate -- The number of cases is too small for a valid estimate.
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National
Center for Health Statistics, 1985 National Nursing Home
Survey: Vital and Health Statistics, Series 13 Number 102,
Table 9.
Table 28.Number of Nursing Home Residents and Percent Distribution by Total,
Average, and Median Lengths of Stay, According to Selected Characteristics:
United States, 1985
** Highlights
Most of the 1,491,400 nursing home residents had experienced relatively long
stays at the time of the survey. Of the total, 63.5 percent had resided in
the facility for one year or longer (the sum of the last three columns of
percentages in the table), and those who had resided for over five years made
up 18.1 percent. Those with stays of less than three months comprised 12.9
percent, and those staying less than six months accounted for 22.4 percent
(the sum of the first two percentage break-downs).
The mean (average) length of stay for all residents was 1,059 days, or 2.9
years, with a median stay of 614 days (1.7 years). The median length of stay
is the point in the distribution where half of the residents have shorter
stays and half have longer stays. Those residents with very long stays raise
the average relative to the median.
The average length of stay did not vary significantly by sex, race, or
Hispanic origin. However, residents under 65 years of age had longer stays
(3.6 years) than their older counterparts (2.8 years).
The vast majority of nursing home residents were white, 1,374,600 or 92.2
percent. All others represent 7.8 percent of the population (116,800) of
which 104,400 were black. Persons of Hispanic origin, who can be of any
race, made up 2.8 percent of the resident population.
Only 12.6 percent of the residents were married. Their average length of
their stay, 675 days, was the lowest of all groupings. The majority of
residents, 61.3 percent, had outlived their spouses and had a mean length of
stay of 990 days. The 271,400 residents who never married represented 18.2
percent of the population and had the longest average stay, at 1,582 days, of
all the marital status groups.
** Explanatory Notes
Data for this table come from the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey,
conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. For a detailed
description of this study, see the explanatory notes accompanying Table 26.
Table 28. Number of Nursing Home Residents and Percent Distribution by Total,
Average, and Median Lengths of Stay, According to Selected Characteristics:
United States, 1985
Column Titles: -A- Average Length of Stay Since Admission
-B- Median Length of Stay Since Admission
Length of Stay Since Admission
6 Mos
3 Mos to 1 Yr 3 Yrs
to Less to to
Less Less Than Less Less 5 Yrs
Number of Than Than 12 Than Than or
Residents Total 3 Mos 6 Mos Mos 3 Yrs 5 Yrs More -A- -B-
Characteristics
********* Percent Distribution ********* Number of Days
Both sexes, all ages
1,491,400 100.0 12.9 9.5 14.1 31.5 13.9 18.1 1,059 614
Under 65 years
173,100 100.0 14.2 12.7 12.1 24.0 13.0 24.0 1,311 654
65 Years and Over
1,318,300 100.0 12.7 9.0 14.3 32.5 14.0 17.3 1,026 611
65-74 years
212,100 100.0 15.1 10.0 14.3 31.1 12.3 17.1 1,055 528
75-84 years
509,000 100.0 12.7 9.6 15.8 33.2 13.6 15.0 948 554
85 years and over
597,300 100.0 11.9 8.2 13.1 32.4 15.0 19.4 1,081 677
Male, All Ages
423,800 100.0 15.5 9.8 13.8 31.7 12.2 16.9 1,031 575
Under 65 years
89,300 100.0 16.5 14.2 11.7 24.7 11.3 21.6 1,192 563
65 Years and Over
334,400 100.0 15.3 8.6 14.4 33.6 12.5 15.7 987 581
65-74 years
80,600 100.0 16.1 7.5 13.1 32.6 11.7 19.0 1,150 622
75-84 years
141,300 100.0 15.3 9.2 16.2 33.9 11.6 13.9 912 522
85 years and over
112,600 100.0 14.8 8.5 13.2 33.9 14.1 15.5 966 617
Female, All Ages
1,067,700 100.0 11.8 9.4 14.2 31.5 14.6 18.6 1,070 630
Under 65 years
83,800 100.0 11.8 11.0 12.7 23.1 14.8 26.6 1,437 838
65 Years and Over
983,900 100.0 11.8 9.2 14.3 32.2 14.5 17.9 1,039 624
65-74 years
131,500 100.0 14.5 11.5 15.1 30.2 12.7 15.9 997 477
75-84 years
367,700 100.0 11.7 9.8 15.6 33.0 14.4 15.5 962 560
85 years and over
484,700 100.0 11.2 8.1 13.1 32.1 15.2 20.3 1,108 708
White 1,374,600 100.0 13.0 9.4 14.1 31.3 14.0 18.3 1,061 614
All Other 116,800 100.0 11.6 10.7 14.0 34.4 13.1 16.2 1,037 599
Black 104,400 100.0 11.3 10.6 13.2 35.8 12.8 16.4 1,041 621
Hispanic 41,000 100.0 14.2 9.1* 12.8* 37.6 15.0 11.2* 928 612
Non-Hispanic1,450,400 100.0 12.9 9.5 14.1 31.4 13.9 18.3 1,063 614
Married 188,200 100.0 20.9 12.8 16.5 30.1 10.6 9.1 675 357
Widowed (1) 914,800 100.0 11.7 8.9 14.5 33.0 15.0 16.9 990 629
Divorced or Separated
117,000 100.0 15.8 11.0 15.0 29.6 13.5 15.1 997 538
Never Married
271,400 100.0 10.2 8.4 10.5 28.3 12.6 29.9 1,582 865
* Standard error is equal to or greater than 30 percent of the
estimate -- the number of cases is too small for a valid estimate.
1 Data include a small number of unknowns.
Note: Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.
Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 1985 National Nursing
Home Survey, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 13, No. 102,
Table 3.
Table 29.Number and Percent Distribution of Nursing Home Residents, by Living
Arrangement Prior to Admission: United States, 1985
** Highlights
The majority, 57.8 percent, of the 1.5 million nursing home residents were
admitted from another health care facility, most frequently, 37.4 percent,
from a general or short-stay hospital. Transfers among nursing homes were
made by 12.2 percent of the residents. Thirty eight percent moved from a
private or semiprivate residence, 18.5 percent had lived with family members,
while 13.5 percent lived alone.
Residents under the age of 65 were more likely to have come from another
health care facility than their elderly counterparts (70.0 versus 56.3
percent). However, within the health facility category, those under 65 were
less likely to have come from a general or short-stay hospital than their
older counterparts (27.1 versus 38.7 percent) but much more likely to have
come from a mental facility than the elderly residents (17.6 versus 2.8
percent).
Prior living arrangements varied by age. Within the 65-74 age group, 29.2
percent came from private or semiprivate residences, compared to 43.2 percent
of those over 85 years of age. Those 65 to 74 years of age were more likely
to have come from another health facility than their counterparts 85 years
and over (66.8 versus 52.8 percent).
Elderly male residents were more likely to be admitted from a mental facility
than elderly females (4.7 versus 2.1 percent), a pattern which reversed
somewhat for those below age 65.
The percent living alone prior to admission increased with age.
** Explanatory Notes
Data for this table come from the 1985 National Nursing Home Survey,
conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. For a detailed
description of this study, see the explanatory notes accompanying Table 26.
Medicare's prospective payment system, introduced in 1983-1984, may have
increased the number of nursing home residents admitted from short-stay
hospitals. According to the source document, because patients were
discharged after shorter hospital stays than was previously the case, they
are more functionally dependent than in the past and, therefore, more likely
than before to need nursing home care.
Table 29. Number and Percent Distribution of Nursing Home Residents,
by Living Arrangement Prior to Admission: United States, 1985
Age
65 Years and Over
Sex and Living
Arrangement Prior Under 65-74 75-84 85 Years
to Admission Total 65 Years Total Years Years and Over
Number And Percent Distribution
All Residents 1,491,400 173,100 1,318,300 212,100 509,000 597,300
Private or semiprivate 38.0 23.6 39.9 29.2 40.5 43.2
residence
Alone 13.5 4.3 14.7 8.2 14.7 16.9
With family members 18.5 15.2 18.9 16.0 19.8 19.1
With non-family members 3.2 2.2* 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.5
Unknown if with others 2.9 1.8* 3.0 1.8* 2.7 3.7
Another health facility 57.8 70.0 56.3 66.8 55.9 52.8
Another nursing home 12.2 12.7 12.1 12.9 12.6 11.5
General or short-stay 37.4 27.1 38.7 39.5 38.2 38.9
hospital (1)
Mental facility (2) 4.5 17.6 2.8 7.0 2.9 1.1
Veterans hospital 2.0 6.4 1.4 4.6 0.9* 0.7*
Other health facility 2.3 5.8 1.9 3.3 1.8 1.4
Unknown or other 3.2 4.7 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.3
arrangement
Male
All Males 423,800 89,300 334,400 80,600 141,300 112,600
Private or semiprivate 33.0 20.8 36.3 23.2 37.2 44.6
residence
Alone 9.9 3.2* 11.7 6.2 12.2 14.9
With family members 17.9 12.8 19.3 12.0 18.9 24.9
With non-family members 3.1 2.6* 3.2 3.4 3.6* *2.6
Unknown if with others 2.2 2.2* 2.2 1.6* 2.5* *2.2
Another health facility 62.3 72.0 59.6 72.4 58.5 52.0
Another nursing home 12.9 12.1 13.1 13.8 13.1 12.4
General or short-stay 33.2 25.7 35.2 35.4 36.5 33.5
hospital (1)
Mental facility (2) 6.9 15.5 4.7 9.2 4.1 *2.1
Veterans hospital 6.9 12.5 5.4 11.6 3.2* *3.8
Other health facility 2.6 5.5* 1.9 3.3* 1.7* *1.0
Unknown or other 3.6 5.3* 3.2 3.2* 3.6* *2.7
arrangement
Female
All Females 1,067,700 83,800 983,900 131,500 367,700 484,700
Private or semiprivate 40.0 26.6 41.1 32.8 41.8 42.8
residence
Alone 14.9 5.5* 15.7 9.4 15.7 17.4
With family members 18.7 17.8 18.8 18.5 20.2 17.7
With non-family members 3.3 1.8* 3.4 2.9* 3.2 3.7
Unknown if with others 3.1 1.5* 3.3 2.0* 2.7 4.0
Another health facility 56.1 67.8 55.1 63.3 54.9 53.0
Another nursing home 11.9 13.3 11.8 12.4 12.4 11.2
General or short-stay 39.0 28.6 39.9 42.1 38.9 40.1
hospital (1)
Mental facility (2) 3.5 19.9 2.1 5.6 2.5 *0.9
Veterans hospital 0.0* -- 0.0* 0.3* -- --
Other health facility 2.2 6.1* 1.9 3.2* 1.9 1.5
Unknown or other 3.0 4.1* 3.0 2.8* 2.4 3.4
arrangement
1 Psychiatric units are excluded.
2 Includes mental hospitals, facilities for the mentally retarded,
general or short-stay hospital psychiatric units, and mental health
centers.
* Relative standard error is equal to or greater than 30 percent --
The number of cases is too small for a valid estimate.
Note: Figures may not add to total because of rounding.
Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 1985 National Nursing
Home Survey, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 13, No. 102,
Table 15.
Table 30.Mental Health Inpatients at End of Year, Average Daily Census,
Annual Additions, and Episodes, by Type of Facility: 1986
** Highlights
At the end of 1986, 237,845 individuals were receiving inpatient treatment
for mental disorders. Approximately one half, 46.8 percent, were receiving
their treatment in state or country mental hospitals. Non-Federal general
hospitals with separate psychiatric services were serving the next largest
inpatient population with 34,474 residents (14.5 percent of the total). The
remaining types of facilities were each providing care to approximately ten
percent of the in inpatient population.
During 1986 the number of new patient additions was greatest for non-federal
general hospitals with separate psychiatric services, with 849,306
admissions. These hospitals admitted over twice as many patients as the next
nearest care provider, the state and county mental hospitals. Among
residential treatment centers (RTCs) for emotionally disturbed children,
there were 24,511 additions for the year.
The number of inpatient episodes, or cases treated, is defined as persons on
the service rolls at the beginning of the year plus inpatient additions
during the year. The number of inpatient episodes during 1986 totaled
2,055,571. Almost half, 43 percent, or 883,119, were treated in non-federal
general hospitals. The state and county mental hospitals provided treatment
to less than half the number of the non-federal general hospital patients.
The mean length of stay for inpatient treatment (see explanatory notes)
varies considerably among the various types of facilities. Emotionally
disturbed children in RTCs receive approximately six months of care per visit
while non-federal general hospitals stays are of two weeks in duration. The
other types of facilities provide treatment involving more than a month in
duration.
A total of 3,039 facilities were providing inpatient services at the end of
1986. While state and county mental hospitals accounted for only 285 of this
total, they served nearly half (46.8 percent) of the inpatient population (in
terms of average daily census). Non-federal general hospitals, on the other
hand, numbered 1,287 but served only 15.1 percent of the inpatient
population.
** Explanatory Notes
The data in this table were collected through inventories of mental health
organizations conducted by the Survey and Reports Branch, Division of
Biometry and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
The average daily inpatient census is computed by dividing the total annual
inpatient days by the number of days in the year. Inpatient additions
include new admissions, readmissions, returns from long term leave, and
transfers from non-inpatient divisions of the same hospital.
The mean length of stay per episode can be approximated by the ratio of the
average daily census to the total inpatient additions; the result is
expressed in years. This result is approximate because inpatient movements
into and out of facilities may be distributed unevenly over the year and
because growth rates an mean length of stay may be changing.
This table shows only inpatient figures; however, NIMH also collects data on
the number of persons receiving mental health services in other settings.
Outpatient mental health organizations had 1.4 million persons under care and
2.1 million additions during 1986. Partial care organizations had 133,194
persons under care and 156,912 admissions during that year. NIMH classifies
inpatient facilities as providing 24 hour care, outpatient organizations as
providing ambulatory services for less than three hours at a single visit,
and partial care as a planned program of treatment generally in visits of
three or more hours. See Table 31 for additional detail.
Table 30. Mental Health Inpatients at End of Year, Average Daily Census,
Annual Additions and Episodes, by Type of Facility: United States, 1986
Column titles: -A- Number of Facilities
-B- Average Daily Inpatient Census
Inpatients at Inpatient Inpatient
End of year additions episodes
-A- -B- Number % Number % Number %
Type of facility
All organizations 3,039 228,530 237,845 100.0 1,819,189 100.0 2,055,571 100.0
State and county 285 107,056 111,135 46.8 332,884 18.3 445,181 21.6
mental hospitals
Private psychiatric 314 23,475 24,591 10.3 234,663 12.9 258,255 12.6
hospitals
Non-Federal 1,287 34,437 34,474 14.5 849,306 46.7 883,119 43.0
general hospitals with separate psychiatric services
VA medical centers 124 21,242 24,322 10.2 179,964 9.9 203,851 9.9
Federally funded -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
community mental health centers
Residential 437 22,650 23,171 9.7 24,511 1.3 47,204 2.3
treatment centers for emotionally disturbed children
All other organizations
592 19,670 20,152 8.5 197,861 10.9 217,961 10.6
Source: National Institute of Mental Health, Mental Health, United
States, 1990, Tables 1.3, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.7.
Table 31.Inpatient Under Care and Admissions - Number and Percent of Total
Persons Under Care, by Selected Principal Diagnoses and Type of Inpatient
Psychiatric Service: United States, April 1, 1986
** Highlights
The most frequently occurring principal psychiatric diagnoses for those under
care were schizophrenia at 44 percent and affective disorders at 22 percent.
However, variations occurred among types of facilities, with private
psychiatric hospitals and non-federal general hospitals having affective
disorders as the most frequently occurring, at 50 and 37 percent,
respectively.
Alcohol-related disorders for those under care, while averaging only 6
percent, ranged from highs of 19 and 12 percent, respectively, for VA medical
centers and non-federal general hospitals, to lows of 3 percent, each, for
state and county mental hospitals and private psychiatric hospitals.
As with the patients under care, the same two conditions were the most
prevalent among admissions, but in the opposite order, with affective
disorders at 31 percent and schizophrenia at 23 percent.
For admissions, alcohol-related disorders constituted 15 percent, as compared
to only 6 percent for those under care. However, the rate was nearly half
this amount at private psychiatric hospitals.
** Explanatory Notes
The data in this table were collected through a sample survey of mental
health organizations conducted by the Survey and Reports Branch, Division of
Biometry and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), in
cooperation with the state mental health agencies and the American Hospital
Association (AHA).
The table shows selected principal diagnoses for the mental health inpatient
population in the United States. NIMH divides this population into two
groups for descriptive purposes. The first is patients under care as of
April 1, 1986, which represents the long-term caseload. A total of 160,862
inpatients were estimated to be under care at that time. The second category
is annual admissions during 1986. There were 1.6 million inpatients admitted
during this period. These two total figures are used for computing the
percentages shown which do not add to 100 percent because the table includes
only selected diagnoses. Because the median length of stay for inpatients is
short -- 15 days -- the number of inpatient admissions far exceeds the number
under care.
Excluded from the NIMH data collection are psychiatric services of all types
of hospitals operated by federal agencies other than the Department of
Veterans Affairs (e.g., Public Health Service, Indian Health Service,
Department of Defense, Bureau of Prisons); general hospitals which have no
separate psychiatric services but admit psychiatric patients to
non-psychiatric units; and psychiatric services of halfway houses, community
residential organizations, local and county jails, state prisons, and other
human service providers.
Table 31. Number and Percent of Total Persons Under Care,
by Selected Principal Diagnoses and Type of Inpatient Psychiatric Service:
United States, April 1, 1986
Column titles: -A- Total, All Inpatient Services
-B- State and County Mental Hospitals
-C- Private Psychiatric Hospitals
-D- VA Medical Centers
-E- Non-Federal General Hospitals
-F- Multiservice Mental Health Organizations
Selected Principal Diagnoses -A- -B- -C- -D- -E- -F-
Inpatient Under Care
Alcohol-Related Disorders 10,008 2,740 500 2,484 4,036 248
Drug-Related Disorders 4,829 1,460 591 527 1,981 *
Affective Disorders 34,722 11,719 8,158 2,130 11,845 870
Schizophrenia 69,994 54,277 2,184 5,359 6,115 2,059
Personality Disorders 3,893 2,400 601 255 550 *
Adjustment Disorders 6,301 2,458 650 113 2,835 245
Organic Disorders 9,001 6,603 470 793 954 181
***** Percent of Total Persons Under Care *****
Alcohol-Related Disorders 6.2 2.9 3.0 18.8 12.5 5.3
Drug-Related Disorders 3.0 1.5 3.6 4.0 6.1 *
Affective Disorders 21.6 12.4 49.7 16.1 36.8 18.6
Schizophrenia 43.5 57.5 13.3 40.6 19.0 44.0
Personality Disorders 2.4 2.5 3.7 1.9 1.7 *
Adjustment Disorders 3.9 2.6 4.0 0.9 8.8 5.2
Organic Disorders 5.6 7.0 2.9 6.0 3.0 3.9
Inpatient Admissions
Alcohol-Related Disorders 236,917 53,788 15,715 57,506 99,044 10,864
Drug-Related Disorders 105,096 20,768 14,525 16,785 48,437 4,581
Affective Disorders 490,991 54,571 100,254 27,301 291,680 17,185
Schizophrenia 369,402 118,852 23,588 47,298 151,407 28,257
Personality Disorders 29,910 6,360 2,230 4,135 13,588 3,597
Adjustment Disorders 121,330 20,408 13,413 7,019 69,914 10,576
Organic Disorders 47,796 10,412 4,795 6,018 23,420 3,151
***** Percent of Total Persons Under Care *****
Alcohol-Related Disorders 14.8 16.5 7.6 32.1 12.5 12.1
Drug-Related Disorders 6.6 6.4 7.0 9.4 6.1 5.1
Affective Disorders 30.8 16.7 48.3 15.2 36.7 19.2
Schizophrenia 23.1 36.5 11.4 26.4 19.1 31.5
Personality Disorders 1.9 2.0 1.1 2.3 1.7 4.0
Adjustment Disorders 7.6 6.3 6.5 3.9 8.8 11.8
Organic Disorders 3.0 3.2 2.3 3.4 2.9 3.5
* Estimate based on five or fewer sample cases or estimate not
shown because it does not meet standards of reliability (relative
standard error of 50 percent or higher).
Source: National Institute of Mental Health, Mental Health, United
States, 1990, Tables 2.6 and 2.7.
Table 32. Average Daily Inpatient and Residential Treatment Census and Number
of Inpatient Episodes, by Type of Mental Health Organization: United States,
Selected Years, 1969-86
** Highlights
For all mental health inpatient organizations, the average daily census has
declined by more than 50 percent between 1969 and 1986; however this pattern
varied among the types of organizations and particular time periods involved.
The overall trend was a decrease between 1969 and 1981, followed by an
increase through 1986, the last year for which statistics are available.
The net decrease in average daily census between 1969 and 1986 is the result
of a steady decline for state and county mental hospitals and VA medical
centers during this period. All other categories of organizations have
generally experienced increases in their average daily census.
The number of inpatient episodes, or cases treated, is defined as persons on
the service rolls at the beginning of the year plus inpatient additions
during the year. Overall, this number has increased by over 20 percent
between 1969 and 1986; however this pattern varied among the types of
organizations and particular time periods involved. For example, all
categories experienced an increase in the number of inpatient episodes, with
the exception of state and county mental hospitals which showed a decline of
42 percent during this period. An increase in the number of episodes despite
a decline in the average daily inpatient census is a function of relatively
short stays, which in 1986 had a median length of only 15 days.
** Explanatory Notes
The data in this table were collected through inventories of mental health
organizations conducted by the Survey and Reports Branch, Division of
Biometry and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
Some organizations were reclassified between 1969 and 1986 as a result of
changes in reporting procedures and definitions. In addition, concerted
efforts by NIMH to identify general hospitals with separate psychiatric
services (beginning in 1980) and residential treatment centers (beginning in
1983), resulted in increased reporting among these types of organizations in
the recent years. These factors influence the comparability of data over
time.
Also, the inventory of community mental health centers was discontinued in
1981, and inpatient counts for these organizations were subsumed under either
non-federal general hospitals with a separate psychiatric service, or
multiservice mental health organizations which are included in the "all other
organizations" category.
Table 32. Average Daily Inpatient and Residential Treatment Census and
Number of Inpatient Episodes, by Type of Mental Health Organization:
United States, Selected Years, 1969-86
Type of Organization 1969 1975 1979 1981 1983 1986
Average Daily Inpatient Census
All organizations 468,831 287,588 233,384 211,024 224,169 228,530
State and county 367,629 193,380 138,600 122,073 116,236 107,056
mental hospitals
Private psychiatric 11,608 12,058 13,901 15,281 16,467 23,475
hospitals
Non-Federal general 17,808 22,874 23,110 29,307 34,328 34,437
hospitals with psychiatric services
VA medical centers 47,140 32,123 28,693 20,798 20,342 21,242
Federally funded 5,270 10,186 9,886 -- -- --
community mental health centers
Residential treatment 12,406 16,164 18,054 16,786 15,826 22,650
centers for emotionally disturbed children
All other 970 803 1,140 6,779 20,970 19,670
organizations
Number of Inpatient Episodes
All organizations 1,710,372 1,817,108 1,779,587 1,720,392 1,860,613 2,055,571
State and county 767,115 598,993 526,690 499,169 459,374 445,181
mental hospitals
Private psychiatric 102,510 137,025 150,535 176,513 180,822 258,255
hospitals
Non-Federal general 535,493 565,696 571,725 676,941 820,030 883,119
hospitals with psychiatric services
VA medical centers 186,913 214,264 217,507 205,580 170,508 203,851
Federally funded 65,000 246,891 254,288 -- -- --
community mental health centers
Residential treatment 21,340 28,302 33,729 34,426 32,544 47,204
centers for emotionally disturbed children
All other 32,001 25,937 25,113 127,763 197,335 217,961
organizations
Source: National Institute of Mental Health, Mental Health,
United States 1990, Tables 1.4 and 1.6.
Table 33.Demographic Characteristics of Residents of Facilities for the
Mentally Retarded by Type of Facility, United States, January 1, 1987.
** Highlights
In 1987, a total of 211,712 persons resided in facilities for the mentally
retarded with three or more beds. Of these, 38.5 percent were in primarily
large (16 beds or more) state institutions, 32.4 percent in large non-state
facilities, and 29.1 percent in small (3-15 beds) non-state residential
facilities.
The majority, 57.3 percent, of all residents are young adults ages 22-44.
The second most populous group is middle age adults ages 45-64 at 19.2
percent, followed by children and the elderly with 14.4 and 9.1 percent,
respectively. Of the total, 56.3 percent were male and 43.7 percent female.
Of all residents in facilities for the mentally retarded, 35 percent had
another developmental disability such as epilepsy, autism, cerebral palsy, or
spina bifida. Nearly 20 percent had a visual impairment and almost 12
percent had a hearing impairment. Fifty-eight percent had difficulty talking
while almost 19 percent had other chronic physical health problems. In
addition, nearly 64 percent had difficulty performing at least one activity
of daily living such as bathing and dressing, while over one third had
difficulty with three or more ADLs.
Concerning the severity of retardation, 21.4 percent had borderline/mild,
20.9 percent moderate, 20.5 percent severe and 37.2 percent profound.
There is a direct relationship between the size of the institution and the
severity of the retardation of the residents. Over 60 percent of those
living in mostly large state facilities had a profound level of retardation
compared to less than 15 percent for small facilities of 3-15 beds.
A similar pattern existed in terms of capacity for independent living. For
residents of large facilities, over half of those in the mostly large state
institutions and over 30 percent in other large facilities had difficulty
with three or more ADLs, compared to only 16.8 percent for small, non-state
facilities.
** Explanatory Notes
The data for this table were collected through Phase 1 of the Institutional
Population Component (IPC) of the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey
(NMES). The survey was designed to provide unbiased national estimates for
the civilian population in facilities for the mentally retarded. Facilities
eligible for inclusion within the sample include only those facilities either
certified by Medicaid as an intermediate care facility for the mentally
retarded or licensed or under State contract to provide living quarters for
the mentally retarded or had at least three beds and provided personal care
or protective oversight to other than family members.
The estimates derived are lower than those made for other surveys (see Table
44), which may result from the exclusion of one and two bed facilities and
those also classifiable under another category. Within the estimated
population 19,999 were not classified as mentally retarded yet were residents
of the facilities. The size of this inpatient population is declining
approximately 5 percent annually.
Information on facilities for the mentally retarded among the individual
states also is shown in Table 44.
Table 33. Demographic Characteristics of Residents of Facilities
for the Mentally Retarded by Type of Facility, United States, January 1, 1987
Other Residential
Facilities
Resident Total All State 16 Beds
Characteristics Population Facilities Institutions 3-15 Beds or More
Number (a) 211,712 211,712 81,442 61,561 68,709
Percent 100.0 38.5 29.1 32.4
Percent of Residents
Age in years
Less than 21 30,466 14.4 13.6 12.9 16.6
22-44 121,308 57.3 63.6 58.8 48.4
45-64 40,743 19.2 16.1 20.0 22.3
65 or order 19,216 9.1 6.7 8.3 12.7
Sex
Male 119,121 56.3 59.8 52.2 55.7
Female 92,591 43.7 40.2 47.8 44.3
Racial background
White 170,150 80.4 77.3 84.0 80.8
Black 29,728 14.0 16.3 10.6 14.5
Other 11,834 5.6 6.4 5.4 4.7
Level of retardation (b)
Borderline/mild 41,046 21.4 8.6 32.1 29.2
Moderate 40,099 20.9 11.0 30.6 25.6
Severe 39,263 20.5 20.3 22.5 18.7
Profound 71,305 37.2 60.1 14.9 26.5
Difficulties with activities of daily living
Bathing 125,853 59.5 77.2 41.7 54.4
Dressing 112,210 53.0 72.4 36.2 45.0
Using toilet 68,698 32.5 49.4 14.3 28.7
Does not use the toilet 19,042 9.1 15.4 1.9 8.2
at all
Transferring** 43,109 20.4 31.9 6.3 19.3
Does not transfer at all 9,630 4.6 6.1 1.0* 5.9*
Feeding self 47,925 22.6 35.7 8.8 19.5
Doesn't feed self at all 13,453 6.4 11.0 1.2* 5.6
Walking 50,141 23.7 34.8 9.8 22.9
Does not walk at all 27,488 13.0 20.7 2.6 13.2
No ADL difficulties 76,578 36.2 19.6 52.0 41.7
One or two ADL 60,268 28.5 26.8 31.2 28.0
difficulties
Three or more ADL 74,866 35.4 53.6 16.8 30.3
difficulties
Handicaps and disabilities
Epilepsy 56,903 27.1 40.6 17.3 19.8
Cerebral palsy 22,239 10.6 11.6 7.5 12.0
Autism 6,792 3.2 2.5 3.2 4.1*
Spina bifida -- -- -- -- --
One or more conditions 74,026 35.0 46.8 24.4 30.5
Difficulty seeing 41,005 19.7 26.8 14.7 15.7
Blind 8,723 4.1 6.3 2.4 3.1
Difficulty hearing 24,780 11.8 13.3 11.4 10.5
Deaf 3,229 1.5 2.2 1.4* 0.9*
Difficulty talking 122,645 58.0 74.8 48.0 46.8
Does not talk at all 64,518 30.5 49.8 14.6 21.8
Physical health problem (c)
None 172,098 81.3 85.4 79.0 78.5
One or more 39,614 18.7 14.6 21.0 21.5
a Includes residents with unknown ADL, handicap, and health problem status.
b Excludes persons without mental retardation.
c Includes heart disease, high blood pressure, arthritis,
cancer, arteriosclerosis, rheumatism, and emphysema.
* Relative standard error is equal to or greater than 30 percent
- The number of cases is too small for a valid estimate.
** Getting in and out of bed or chair
Source: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, National
Medical Expenditure Survey, Research Findings 6, Tables 4 and 6.
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